Electric flux equation closed surface11/23/2023 ![]() 10: Physical Kinetics (Fizmatlit, Moscow, 2002 Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2002). Pitaevskii, Course of Theoretical Physics, Vol. Fitton, in Photon and Particle Interactions with Surfaces in Space: Proceedings of the 6th Eslab Symposium, Held at Noordwijk, the Netherlands, September 26–29, 1972, Ed. by R. Izvekova, Solar System Research 47, 419 (2013). 131, 3 (2007).īepiColombo Mission to Mercury. Bradley, and W. E. McClintock, Space Sci. Rhee, in Interplanetary Dust and Zodiacal Light, Ed. We analyze wave processes taking into account the difference in parameters at aphelion and perihelion of the Mercury’s orbit, along with the fact whether the dust particles are located near the magnetic poles or far from them. The solar wind that streams at speeds of about 400 km/s relative to plasma near the surface of the planet can induce longitudinal electrostatic oscillations with frequencies determined by the electron plasma frequency. ![]() A drift wave turbulence can appear in dusty plasma in the magnetic field near the Mercury’s surface in the presence of gradient of electron concentration. ![]() Therefore, dust particles of the same size get different charges depending on their localization above the Mercury’s surface. However, the solar wind can reach the surface of the planet near the magnetic poles. Mercury has its own magnetosphere that protects the surface from particles of the solar wind. The near-surface layers of Mercury’s exosphere have a number of common features with those of the exosphere of the Moon, e.g., there are dust particles above the illuminated side of both cosmic bodies that become positively charged due to the photoelectric effect. Gauss’s Law According to Gauss’s law, the total electric flux through a closed Gaussian surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by the surface divided by the (0. ![]() In the next section, this will allow us to work with more complex systems.Wave processes in dusty plasma near the surface of Mercury are discussed. If the charge lies outside the surface, flux entering the surface will be equal to flux leaving the surface, giving net flux through a closed surface zero. In the special case of a closed surface, the flux calculations become a sum of charges. Recall that when we place the point charge at the origin of a coordinate system, the electric field at a point P that is at a distance r from the charge at the origin is given byįigure 6.14 Flux through spherical surfaces of radii =0. To get a feel for what to expect, let’s calculate the electric flux through a spherical surface around a positive point charge q, since we already know the electric field in such a situation. Now, what happens to the electric flux if there are some charges inside the enclosed volume? Gauss’s law gives a quantitative answer to this question. Therefore, if a closed surface does not have any charges inside the enclosed volume, then the electric flux through the surface is zero. We found that if a closed surface does not have any charge inside where an electric field line can terminate, then any electric field line entering the surface at one point must necessarily exit at some other point of the surface. We can now determine the electric flux through an arbitrary closed surface due to an arbitrary charge distribution. Apply Gauss’s law in appropriate systems.Explain the conditions under which Gauss’s law may be used.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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